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Author name: annabarzakouskaya

Lower your cholesterol

LOWER YOUR CHOLESTEROL

LOWER YOUR CHOLESTEROL Read More »

Even with these new ideas that inflammation is the cause of heart disease, cholesterol, and its constituents still account for heart problems in most cases. So this time, we’ll discuss what you can do if your lipid level test results exceed optimal levels. We’ll start by looking at how to lower your cholesterol without pills. This article was last reviewed by Svetlana Baloban, Healsens, on January 24, 2020. This article was last modified on July 24, 2021. However, before getting down to this fascinating topic, let’s remember what problem we are solving. ☝️ Heart disease is the main cause of death. ☝️ 3.9 million people die from heart attacks in Europe every year. And the cause of heart disease is the inflammatory process. This inflammatory process begins with an excessive amount of LDL (“bad” cholesterol) particles appearing on the walls of the coronary arteries and causing subsequent oxidation. In turn, HDL particles (“good” cholesterol) reduce the risk of heart disease. So, they move excess LDL back to the liver and thus prevent inflammation and oxidation. We already discussed this topic in our article about the lipid profile. There is yet another independent risk factor for heart disease: triglyceride (unbound fat) levels. Excessive amounts of high glycemic carbohydrates in the diet, as well as alcohol abuse, are common causes of elevated triglyceride levels. How then can you lower your cholesterol? The first step to normalizing your cholesterol and triglyceride levels is following a healthy diet. IN THIS ARTICLE 1 How to Lower Your Cholesterol Naturally 2 Quit smoking 3 Normalize weight 4 Exploring Food Supplements to Help Lower Your Cholesterol Levels RELATED ARTICLES How to Lower Your Cholesterol Naturally Removing trans fats There are two main types of trans fats in food: naturally-occurring and artificial trans fats. Let’s figure it out. Naturally-occurring trans fats are produced in the guts of some animals. Artificial trans fats (or trans fatty acids), on the other hand, are created in an industrial process. And for this, hydrogen is added to liquid vegetable oils to make them more solid. It’s worth knowing that trans fats make us fatter than any other food with the same amount of calories. But that’s not all. Researchers at Wake Forest University have found that trans fats increase the amount of fat around the belly. That happens not only because new fat is added, but also because fat from other areas moves to the abdominal area. Of course, trans fats raise LDL (bad) cholesterol and lower HDL (good) cholesterol. So it is obvious that it increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. This is why the American Heart Association recommends reducing foods containing partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. And in November 2013, the FDA tentatively determined that partially hydrogenated oils were no longer considered safe. Therefore, it is recommended to choose foods where the trans fat content is 0. Let’s find out which foods can contain trans fats! Unfortunately, trans fats can be found in many foods, such as donuts and pastries, cakes and pie crusts, cookies and frozen pizzas, margarine and other spreads. You can determine the amount of trans fat by looking at the Product Facts label. However, if “0 grams of trans fat” is indicated, it doesn’t mean that there are no trans fats there. According to the rules, they can still contain between 0 and less than 0.5 grams of trans fat per serving. You can also identify trans fats by reading the ingredient list and looking for ingredients called “partially hydrogenated oils.” Reducing saturated fat There is nothing more important to a healthy heart than reducing your intake of trans and saturated fats. They are critical to the effectiveness of the diet. And none of the other nutrients in the diet raises LDL levels like saturated fat. Foods high in saturated fats include: In addition, many baked goods and fried foods can contain high levels of saturated fats. Health advocates have repeatedly suggested the use of policy instruments to influence consumer behavior. For example, in 2011, Denmark even introduced a tax on saturated fat in food. But a year later, this tax was canceled, although studies have shown its effectiveness in changing consumer behavior. It should be said that a healthy body is able to maintain normal lipid levels, regardless of cholesterol intake. In other words, our liver does an excellent job of regulating blood cholesterol levels. However, if you passed the test and saw that you need to lower your cholesterol, then, probably, these mechanisms of cholesterol metabolism have begun to work incorrectly. To prevent this problem, it is recommended to choose foods with less than 10% D.V* saturated fat per serving. The question naturally arises, what are the alternatives to saturated fats? *For a 1,500-calorie diet, your daily DRI would be: Total fat: 33 to 58 grams. Saturated fat: No more than 15 grams. Cholesterol: No more than 200 to 300 grams. What then to eat? To get the nutrients you need, eat a diet that emphasizes: You should replace foods high in saturated fat with foods high in monounsaturated and / or polyunsaturated fats. This means eating foods made with liquid vegetable oil, but not with tropical oils. It also means eating fish and nuts. You can also try replacing some of the meat you eat with beans or legumes. Fruits and vegetables aren’t just good for reducing your intake of trans and saturated fats. Soluble fiber, most of which is found in fruits and vegetables, also inhibits fat absorption. And this helps to lower the level of bad cholesterol (LDL). It is useful enrich your menu with legumes, oats (oat bread, porridge, oat bran in smoothies, and bread crumbs), and ground flax seeds, which can be sprinkled on almost anything. Quit smoking Smokers are two to four times more likely to develop a heart attack than non-smokers. There are 4,000 toxic substances in tobacco and tobacco smoke, many of which accelerate the processes leading to heart attacks. Cigarette smoking significantly increases the overall level of inflammation in the body and dramatically

screening mammography

WHAT IS A SCREENING MAMMOGRAM?

WHAT IS A SCREENING MAMMOGRAM? Read More »

Since our goal is disease prevention and early diagnosis, we talk about screenings a lot. This time, as we continue the topic of breast cancer prevention we will discuss what a screening mammogram is? Written by Y. Timovskaya, Ph.D., doctor oncologist of the highest category, Member of ESMO.  Diagnostic or Screening Mammogram? So what is screening? According to Wikipedia, screening (“selection, sorting”) can mean – a system of primary examination of groups of clinically asymptomatic individuals in order to identify causes of disease. But in order to accurately capture the subtleties of this definition, we will take a couple of examples. IN THIS ARTICLE 1 Diagnostic or Screening Mammogram? 2 What is screening for? 3 Breast cancer screening mammography RELATED ARTICLES So, a 45-year-old patient comes to the doctor and complains of mammary gland pain. The doctor examines her, does not find any pathology, but gives her a referral for mammography. Here’s another situation: the patient comes to the doctor and complains of a chronic gastritis exacerbation. The doctor, in addition to giving recommendations for the gastritis treatment, recommends undergoing mammography. What does it have to do with screening? Screening is done to detect serious diseases such as cancer and breast cancer (BC) in particular. Both patients have no breast cancer symptoms. Both were advised to undergo mammography. However, in the first case, the patient complained about breast pain, and in the second case, she didn’t. Therefore, in the first case, it will be a diagnostic mammogram. In the second case – screening mammogram. Globally, there is no difference, both patients will undergo mammography. Another thing is important here. In the first case, the patient came with mammary gland complaints, which indicates the necessity of examination. In the second case, the doctor took the initiative and recommended a mammogram. Unfortunately, while situations described in the first case are numerous, those described in the second case are few. Doctors often forget about this important examination method. Mammograms are scheduled only in those cases when patients have breast complaints. Therefore, we consider it expedient to inform healthy women to require mammography tests when visiting their doctors. In our further articles, we will return to the world recommendations on how often and to whom it is recommended to undergo screening mammography. What is screening for? But what is screening for? What does it give us and why is mammography screening performed all over the world? Unfortunately, the incidence of breast cancer is constantly increasing. There are many reasons. We cannot influence the incidence rate. Long-term results of breast cancer treatment directly depend on the stage at which treatment started. The smaller the stage, the shorter, cheaper, and more effective the treatment. Therefore, the whole world is fighting to identify the early, if possible preclinical stages of breast cancer. Thus, mammography is the main assistant in identifying breast cancer at its early stages. Let’s look at some examples again. Breast cancer screening mammography During self-examination (when women regularly check the condition of their glands), the average size of detected tumors is more than 2 cm. Rarely, only in cases where the tumor is actually located on the gland surface, subcutaneously, the patient has a chance to find this tumor measuring 1.2-1.5 cm. In all other cases, unfortunately, it is virtually impossible to identify a small tumor on your own. Therefore, self-examination, as a method for early detection of breast cancer, is not included in international recommendations for patients. Furthermore, breast ultrasound is a favorite method for patients. But, alas, the method is not suitable for breast cancer screening. First, ultrasound can detect tumors in the mammary glands if the tumors are larger than 8 mm. Secondly, the incidence of breast cancer is higher in older age groups. Besides, the value of ultrasound as a diagnostic method decreases with age and with increased size of the gland. For this and other reasons, the ultrasound diagnostic method is not a screening method. It should be noted however that ultrasound has many advantages. We will talk about it separately. But only mammography can be used as the main method of breast cancer screening. During mammography, a tumor of 3 mm or more can be detected. It’s also possible to detect signs of non-invasive breast cancer in the form of microcalcification, as well as precancerous pathology. We wrote about the clinical forms of breast cancer separately. For patients with breast cancer and those treated for breast cancer, routine annual MMGs are performed. It’s important for the early detection of relapses and contralateral cancers. My wish to everyone is that all examinations would only be screenings confirming that we are healthy.

breast cancer risk factors

THE MAIN RISK FACTORS OF BREAST CANCER

THE MAIN RISK FACTORS OF BREAST CANCER Read More »

1 in 8 women will develop breast cancer (BC) in their lifetime. More than 2 million new cases of this disease are diagnosed worldwide every year. There are of course breast cancer risk factors. What do you need to know to prevent illness? Is it possible to reduce your own risk of developing breast cancer? Let’s find out. Written by Y. Timovskaya, Ph.D., doctor oncologist of the highest category, Member of ESMO. Together with @ Galishina Anna – Head of the Diagnostic Department of the Specialized Breast Center, doctor of radiation diagnostics of the highest category, member of ESR, EUSOBI. 8 major risk factors It’s possible to conditionally identify the main factors in the development of breast cancer. There are only 8 of them! Of course, in general, there are many more risks and we have already written about some little-known ones. But the most significant are the following: IN THIS ARTICLE 1 8 major risk factors 2 New risks 3 Why understand your risk factors? 4 Variable and permanent breast cancer risk factors 5 Patient stories RELATED ARTICLES 6. Hyperestrogenemia (increased concentration of estrogens in the blood), especially associated with the intake of hormonal drugs. And these are combined oral contraceptives (COCs), and hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and IVF. 7. Failure to comply with the healthy lifestyle rules, which leads to metabolic disorders. 8. Not having children or lactation or late childbirth. New risks In addition to the main risks, there are few that we are able to influence. They include: 👉 Low level of vitamin D. Research suggests that women with low levels of vitamin D have a higher risk of breast cancer. This happens because vitamin D may play a role in controlling normal breast cell growth and may be able to stop breast cancer cells from growing. 👉Exposure to Chemicals in Cosmetics So, research strongly suggests that at certain exposure levels, some of the chemicals in cosmetics may contribute to the development of cancer in people. Such substances include parabens (the most common are methylparaben, propylparaben, ethylparaben and butylparaben) and phthalates. 👉Exposure to Chemicals in Food There’s a real concern that pesticides, antibiotics, and hormones used on crops and livestock may cause health problems in people, including an increase in breast cancer risk. Now let’s talk about why we need all this information and what is the practical use of it? Why understand your risk factors? Do all factors in the breast cancer development lead to the development of breast cancer? No. Did all breast cancer patients have all these risk factors? No either. At the same time, a combination of risk factors increases the risk of developing breast cancer. However, it is not yet possible to determine exactly which of 8 women will develop the disease. Yet doctors talk about the importance of understanding risk factors. But why? There are situations when a woman has all the risk factors, and at the same time, she will never get sick with this disease. On the other hand, there are diametrically opposite situations when a woman does not have any risk factors except the first one, and she still gets breast cancer. However, such situations are marginal. They are located at the edges of the variation row for breast cancer patients. In most cases, that is in 80% of patients with breast cancer, known risk factors played a role in the disease development. Thus, women very often unconsciously provoked progressing tumor processes through their actions. And a major part of the cause of this problem was ignorance. In other words, many people have never heard of risk factors that subsequently cost them their health. Therefore, all over the world, the information war against breast cancer is recognized as one of the most effective mechanisms to reduce mortality from this disease. Variable and permanent breast cancer risk factors It should be noted that risk factors can be divided into two groups. The first one includes those that we cannot affect, such as gender, age, family history, and the presence of gene mutations. In this case, if you are aware of them, your doctor should adopt an individual preventive care program and screening diagnostics. In all the other cases, it’s up to us to influence the risk factors. Thereby we can reduce our own risk of developing breast cancer. It is important not only to know about breast cancer risk factors but also to realize that our health may depend on us. Of course, it is not possible to prevent breast cancer with 100% certainty. At the same time, we can reduce the risk of death through early diagnosis. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account the presence of risk factors and behave accordingly, considering your risk group. Patients’ stories So now, let’s get from theory to practice. We’ll go over two cases to illustrate how important it is to understand your risks. Subsequently, we will definitely devote a few future articles to this topic. 👉 Case 1. A 38-year-old woman with a family history of breast cancer. She didn’t have childbirth and lactation, but there is a record of pregnancy termination in her history at the age of 27. Since then, she has been constantly taking combined oral contraceptives (COCs) for contraception. 👉 Case 2. A 52-year-old woman with climacteric syndrome, type 2 diabetes, a history of 1 childbirth at 22, no lactation, 4 abortions, the last one at the age of 42. She has been taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT). So, patients already have risk factors for developing breast cancer, which they cannot change. But these women increased the risk of the disease by taking additional hormonal estrogen-containing drugs. Of course, in spite of the above cases, not everyone using HRT will develop breast cancer. However, when the disease is already there, oncologists always hear regrets about the lack of awareness. If they had known that they had been increasing the risk, they would have acted differently. Only 1 in 8 factors is enough to play a key role

тест на стресс

ONLINE DEPRESSION SCREENING

ONLINE DEPRESSION SCREENING Read More »

Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses in the world. It is estimated that there are 350 million people worldwide who have some form of depression. In the United States, 16 million people had a depressive episode in the past year. Moreover, depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide. But how to understand that a person has depression? For this, various questionnaires are used to screen for depression and assess its severity (degree of depression). Such, for example, as PHQ-9. In general, screening and assessment tools for depression and anxiety include questions about mental health symptoms. Screening for Depression The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fifth Edition, has defined depression as 5 or more of the following symptoms that are present for 2 or more weeks and cause significant emotional distress and/or impairment in functioning. Symptoms are: IN THIS ARTICLE 1 Screening for Depression 2 Online Depression Screening 3 Pros and Cons of Depression Screening RELATED ARTICLES Having noted 5 or more factors from the list above, especially if they have been persisting for a long time, you can suspect you have depression. In addition, below 👇 you can take a depression questionnaire and even determine its severity. Online Depression Screening By the link below 👇 you can assess your own level of depression and anxiety! It is important to remember that screening tools only detect symptoms of depression or anxiety. The diagnosis of depressive or anxiety disorder requires a deeper assessment. The PHQ-9 Depression and anxiety assessment tool Beck’s Depression Inventory The PHQ-9 Evidence Appraisal The PHQ-9 was initially developed by Kroenke et al (2001), as a subset of 9 questions from the full PHQ. It had previously been derived and studied in a cohort of 6,000 patients. PHQ-9 scores ≥10 were found to be 88% sensitive and also 88% specific for detecting MDD. Criterion validity was also assessed in a sample of 580 patients. self-administration takes 5–7 min. Beck’s Depression Inventory Online Test Evidence Appraisal The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is currently one of the most widely used measures for assessing depression. The questionnaire was developed from clinical observations of attitudes and symptoms occurring frequently in depressed psychiatric patients and infrequently in non-depressed psychiatric patients. The questionnaire is commonly self-administered although initially designed to be administered by trained interviewers. Self-administration takes 5–10 min. Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) SF-36 is a set of generic, coherent, and easily administered quality-of-life measures. These measures rely upon patient self-reporting and are now widely utilized by managed care organizations and by Medicare for routine monitoring and assessment of care outcomes in adult patients. Self-administration takes 8–14 min. Geriatric Depression Scale: Short Form The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) has been tested and used extensively with the older population. The GDS Long Form is a brief, 30-item questionnaire in which participants are asked to respond by answering yes or no in reference to how they felt over the past week. A Short Form GDS consisting of 15 questions was developed in 1986. Self-administration takes 4–7 min. GAD-7 (General Anxiety Disorder-7) SThe GAD-7, or Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, is a self-report questionnaire designed to assess the severity of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms in individuals. It consists of seven questions that ask about common anxiety symptoms and their impact on daily life. The GAD-7 is often used as a screening tool in clinical and research settings to help identify individuals who may be experiencing significant levels of anxiety. Self-administration takes 3–5 min. Pros and Cons of Depression Screening Above all, еhere is not thought to be any significant harm associated with screening for depression and anxiety. However, some people worry that screening and assessment tools may lead to incorrect diagnoses. Therefore, it is important to remember that screening tools only detect symptoms of depression or anxiety. At the same time, screening tools can detect most, but not all, cases of possible depression and anxiety. We already talked about connection between our minds and our bodies. So, the main advantage of screening tools is that they are quick and easy. And it’s true for its use and interpreting. A limitation is that they simplify complex experiences and impose artificial symptom thresholds. It is important to remember that screening tools only detect symptoms of depression or anxiety. Diagnosis of depressive or anxiety disorder requires deeper assessments.

bolezn-monaxin

WHAT IS NUN’S DISEASE?

WHAT IS NUN’S DISEASE? Read More »

Do you know what nun’s disease is? In ХVII century, a European empress, having learned her diagnosis, wrote in her diary: – Doctors are mistaken about the diagnosis, I cannot have nuns’ disease. I have a husband and children. Written by Timovskaya Yu.A., MD, PHD, senior oncologist, Member of ESMO So what is this nun’s disease? The term became popular hundreds of years ago due to the fact that a large number of nuns were diagnosed with breast cancer. What was the reason for this phenomenon? Firstly, there were many more nuns before the ХХ century than in our time. Secondly – indeed, women who did not give birth or breastfeed got this disease more often. We’ve already talked about the 8 most significant risk factors for breast cancer. And today we’ll talk about little-known facts. IN THIS ARTICLE 1 So what is this nun’s disease? 2 Little-Known Facts about Breast Cancer 3 More about Early Diagnosis RELATED ARTICLES Little-Known Facts about Breast Cancer Historical facts Fact #1. In ancient times, people tried to treat breast cancer using excrement of insects, especially wasps, and bees. At that time, there was no cure for the disease. In order to alleviate the symptoms women had, it was recommended to apply a mixture of cow brains and wasp excrement to the breast affected by a tumor. This treatment was mentioned in ancient Egyptian papyri on methods of treating various diseases. The breast cancer clinic has not changed since those times. But the approaches to treatment have changed dramatically. As for the treatment, the first record of a mastectomy (those. breast removal) offered for breast cancer was over 1,500 years ago. The first record of a breast mastectomy was in 548 A.D. on Theodora, the Empress of Byzantine. Most importantly, the risk of dying from breast cancer is decreasing every year all over the world. It is gratifying that, as opposed to the second half of the twentieth century, the risk of death from breast cancer nowadays has reduced by 60% thanks to progress in early diagnostics of tumors and introduction of modern treatment methods. Facts in numbers Breast cancer (BC) affects not only people, but animals as well. For example, breast cancer is a common disease in cats and dogs. At the same time, dogs get sick more often than cats. On the other hand, the disease is more aggressive for the latter. Interestingly, dogs receive a treatment similar to that received by people. Fact # 2. Men also have breast cancer. However, if the risk of breast cancer in women is 1 in 8, then in men this risk is significantly less. Only 1 in 1000 men have breast cancer. The left breast is 5 – 10% more likely to develop cancer than the right breas. The left side is also roughly 5% more prone to melanoma. Nobody is exactly sure why this is so. Next fact is about the risk. Thus, it was found that women who work night shifts have twice as high risk of developing breast cancer. True, this only applies to cases where women have worked at night for more than 30 years. For those who have worked in such jobs for less than 30 years, individual risks remain unchanged. And let’s end this list on a positive one. 80% of patients with breast cancer will be treated successfully and announced healthy. Related Articles More about Early Diagnosis In the following articles we will talk about methods of early diagnosis, namely: 👉 Are all examination methods (examination, MMG, ultrasound) equally effective for the early detection of breast cancer?👉 How often should they be used: annually, once every six months, or are there other options?

osteoporosis

What Is Osteoporosis?

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Osteoporosis literally means porous bone. As bones become more porous and fragile, the risk of fracture increases significantly. Surprisingly, while osteoporosis is much more common than other chronic diseases, it tends to receive less public attention, although the effects of certain fractures can lead to disability and death. The situation is aggravated by the fact that bone loss occurs silently and progressively. Often there are no symptoms until the first fracture occurs. Therefore, it is important to understand the reasons for the development and progression of this disease, as well as ways to prevent it. This article was last reviewed by Svetlana Baloban, Healsens, on June 20, 2020. This article was last modified on 10 June 2020. What causes osteoporosis Our bones are living tissue, and they are constantly changing. From the moment of birth to adulthood, they develop and strengthen. As we age, some of our bone cells begin to dissolve the bone matrix (resorption), while new bone cells deposit the osteoid, thus forming new bone tissue. This process is known as remodeling. So when we are young, this crumbling-building process remains in balance and the bones remain strong. However, around the age of 30, bone mass stops growing. And if the body doesn’t get enough calcium, it will take calcium from the bones. And as a rule, already at the age of 40-50, more bone may be lost than formed, which leads to fractures. Until recently, it was believed that osteoporosis affects mainly postmenopausal women and elderly men. The results of recent research, however, indicate that osteoporosis may occur in people older than 40 as well as in youths. IN THIS ARTICLE 1 What causes osteoporosis 2 Osteoporosis risk factors 3 What can you do to prevent osteoporosis? 4 Exercises to prevent osteoporosis RELATED ARTICLES Around the world, 1 in 3 women and 1 in 5 men aged fifty years and over are at risk of an osteoporotic fracture. In fact, an osteoporotic fracture is estimated to occur every 3 seconds. That’s a lot, isn’t it? The most common fractures associated with osteoporosis occur in one’s hip, spine, and wrist. So, hip fracture is associated with serious disability and excess mortality. Women who have sustained a hip fracture have a 10-20% higher mortality than would be expected for their age. The worldwide annual incidence of hip fracture is approximately 1.7 million. On the other hand, hip fractures are difficult to overlook, whereas spinal fractures may remain undiagnosed. This is because they might be painless. But even if the pain is present, the person may not know that it is caused by a fracture. And if untreated, the risk of a second fracture is extremely high. So, without treatment as many as one in five women with a spinal fracture will sustain a second fracture within twelve months. Osteoporosis risk factors Understanding the risks of developing osteoporosis is very important since there are no external signs of the development of this disease. That is why doctors often recommend an examination, even though you may not have any complaints. It’s also important to understand that when we talk about risk factors, we mean everything that increases your chance of getting sick. In addition, it is worth remembering that the presence of such risks, even several of them, does not mean that you will definitely have osteoporosis. Only laboratory test results can indicate the development of this disease. Speaking of risk factors, we are talking about unchanging events (age, gender) and those that you can influence. Let’s take a closer look at each group individually. Fixed risk factors Although fixed risk factors cannot be changed, it is better to know about them so that measures can be taken to reduce the loss of minerals in bones. Fixed risk factors also include so called “secondary risk factors” – these are disorders and medications that weaken the bones. These risks include: If you find yourself having one or more risks, then you should not think that nothing can be done about it. There are currently strategies that can reduce their impact. Modifiable risks Most variable risk factors directly affect bone biology and lead to a decrease in bone mineral density. However, there are also risks that increase the risk of fracture, regardless of their effect on the bone itself. So, we will consider all these risks: So, in relation to variable risks, appropriate actions can be taken. Do you know your personal risk factors for osteoporosis? Take the IOF Osteoporosis Risk Awareness Test in a minute. This risk test is not a diagnostic tool: only a doctor can diagnose osteoporosis. What can you do to prevent osteoporosis? There are many ways that can help maintain healthy bones and avoid premature bone loss. Making simple changes to the diet, enough exercise and giving up bad habits will not only help prevent osteoporosis, but also improve overall well-being. Let’s look at these factors to better understand how they affect the development of the disease. Diet A lot of studies showed that the typical diet does not cover the demand for nutrients, vitamins, and minerals. Firstly, especially important is the deficiency of calcium and vitamin D because it can promote a reduction in bone mineral density. Also talking about a healthy diet, you need to intake a sufficient amount of protein. So, calcium and protein are two key nutrients for bone health. The amount of calcium you need every day depends on your age and sex. In order to determine whether its consumption complies with the norm, you can use the calcium calculator from the International Osteoporosis Foundation. The calculator takes into account calcium intake from food and supplements. The result is compared with a reference, taking into account your gender and age. In addition, the ratio of calcium to phosphorus is important for bone health. The presence of phosphates in food products (stabilizers, anticaking agents, emulsifiers and pH stabilizers) increases phosphorus concentrations in the diet. This leads to the acidification of bodily tissues and intensified parathyroid activity. Parathyroid glands produce parathormone which

How to stay healthy during COVID-19

How to stay healthy during COVID-19 Read More »

The international online summit on the coronavirus COVID-19 has just ended. It was dedicated to the current situation with coronavirus (COVID-19) and the future of pandemics. We publish the most interesting and practical reports, share practical steps to manage fear and uncertainty surrounding your health and work. Today we’ll talk about a presentation by Nell Watson, in which she shares expert advice on how to avoid infection, and how to reduce the risk of its possible complications. We hope you find it useful. Feel free to share. We will be updating publications about COVID-19 frequently. Check back for updates. Additionally, we’d like to mention that we won’t write about tips that are often published in the press. We hope that everyone has already heard a lot about the importance of washing your hands properly, using a sanitizer, adhering to social isolation, and so on. Instead, it will focus on additional measures to maintain health during the epidemic. In addition, we’ll share the quarantine tips Nell expressed in her speech. Ventilation and humidification IN THIS ARTICLE 1 Ventilation and humidification 2 Reducing COVID-19 Complications 3 Effective Quarantine We want to start the recommendations with the easiest to use. And first of all, let’s remember the importance of room airing. So, in her speech Nell emphasizes the importance of airing the rooms. And she recommends doing it as often as possible. It is worth saying that this advice is very useful, because many people spend most of their time at home due to quarantine. First of all, airing significantly reduces the risk of transmitting the virus. Numerous studies have more than once proven that intense ventilation can reduce the risk of infection. High humidity is also important! High humidity in the room reduces the survival of human coronavirus. This means that a conventional humidifier can help reduce the risk of getting infected. This recommendation is also supported by research. It was found that coronavirus survival was lower at a high relative humidity. High humidity also has the same effect on other viruses. For example, influenza virus survival was 17.5 – 31.6% lower with the use of a portable humidifier with an output of 0.16 kg water per hour in the bedroom. Reducing COVID-19 Complications In her speech, Nell Watson talks about Vitamin D‘s remarkable ability to reduce risks of viral and bacterial chest infection. Confirmation of her words can also be found among published studies. So, 25 eligible randomized, controlled trials found that vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of acute respiratory tract infection among all participants. Patients who had vitamin D deficiency and those not receiving bolus doses experienced the most benefit. In her speech, Nell talks about a daily intake of 10ug of Vitamin D for a year and reminds that such a recommendation is most relevant for the UK, taking into account its weather. Apart from vitamin D, Nell mentions that French doctors are warning against taking anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and aspirin. The World Health Organization also recommended that people suffering COVID-19 symptoms should avoid taking ibuprofen, because anti-inflammatory drugs could worsen effects of the virus. Instead, it is recommended to use paracetamol or acetaminophen. RELATED ARTICLES Effective Quarantine Nell pays special attention to the rules during the quarantine. She reminds about the importance of handwashing, shows how to properly remove gloves, talks about medical masks. Her other tips include organizing the red zone of the house, potentially infected with COVID-19. Most likely, such territory will be the entrance to a house or apartment. So, why would such a zone be needed? First of all, it is recommended to set it off for things that may be infected. It is important that the rest of the house remains as clean as possible. For this, the red zone should not be left until all potentially infected objects remain on its territory. The same is true in the opposite direction. You should not enter this zone if you are not ready to disinfect everything after visiting it. If some of your family was infected, the place of his placement should become such a red zone. Your refrigerator should become a place free from the infection. And for this, it is recommended that all products be washed or sanitized before they are stored. Another option is to leave your purchased items for several days in the red zone (balcony, basement, etc.) so that the virus can die during this time period. Fruits, vegetables, and greens should also be washed before storing Below you can see the full presentation. Be healthy!

vitamin a immune system

VITAMIN A HELPS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

VITAMIN A HELPS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Read More »

Vitamins are essential constituents of our diet that have been known to influence the immune system. But which vitamins have proven effective to help our immune system? Is a healthy diet enough? All these questions are constantly raised and become especially burning during epidemics. In turn, many studies test hypotheses and publish the results, sometimes breaking quite common myths. This time, to further expand on the topic of immunity health, we will review how vitamin A affects the immune system. We will also answer the question of how to check a deficiency / excess of this vitamin. This article was last reviewed by Svetlana Baloban, Healsens, on February 23, 2020. This article was last modified on 22 February 2020. To begin with, we note that vitamins cannot be sufficiently synthesized by our body and must come to us with food. So Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, who won Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, said that “Vitamins and their metabolites are essential for a large number of physiological processes”. And that’s true. Vitamins and their metabolites are essential for a large number of physiological processes. They play an important role in the immune system, extending to both innate and adaptive immune responses Vitamin A Helps Immune System IN THIS ARTICLE 1 Vitamin A Helps Immune System 2 Vitamin A Deficiency 3 How is vitamin A deficiency treated and prevented? 4 Hypervitaminosis A or Vitamin A Toxicity RELATED ARTICLES Many people know that vitamin A is crucial for maintaining vision. And, of course, who has not heard that it is widely used in cosmetics?! Vitamin A turned out to be the first vitamin approved by the Food and Drug Administration as an anti-wrinkle agent.. Thus, it confirmed its ability to change the appearance of the skin surface and has anti-aging effects. However, its functions do not end there. So, it is crucial for promoting growth and development and protecting epithelium and mucus. Did you know that it’s also called an anti-inflammation vitamin? It has to do with its critical role in enhancing immune function. For this function, vitamin A should be referred to as the vitamin that helps our immune system. In turn, vitamin A deficiency impairs innate immunity by impeding the regeneration of mucosal barriers damaged by infection. It’s not just that our innate immunity suffers, but vitamin A is also required for adaptive immunity. In severe cases, the immune system is so weak that it cannot even cope with a common cold. There are several reasons why vitamin A deficiency may develop. First of all, nutritional deficiencies can affect the lack of this vitamin. So, we obtain vitamin A through diet in two forms. Retinol and retinyl ester come from animal sources such as meat, dairy products, and fish. Provitamin A (beta-carotenoid) is derived from colorful fruits and vegetables. Insufficient intake of the vitamin with food may result in its deficiency. Second, vitamin deficiency is associated with certain diseases, such as liver disorder. Moreover, infectious diseases transiently depress serum retinol concentrations. Zinc deficiency can also impair the absorption, transportation and metabolism of vitamin A. Let’s see how often vitamin A deficiency occurs in people? Vitamin A Deficiency and Its Impact on the Immune System Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is the single most important cause of childhood blindness in developing countries. Dietary surveys indicate that many US adults are not meeting dietary requirements for vitamin A. According to their results, 51% of adults fall short of the Estimated Average Requirement. But what about the situation in other countries? ? In 2018, a paper was published about vitamin A intake in China among 12,246 adults aged 18 to 64 years old. Approximately 87% of adults didn’t consume enough vitamin A. Remarkably, retinol intake was significantly higher in younger adults compared to older adults, and in males compared to females. Therefore, understanding the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency can be very helpful. So, classic symptoms include problems such as dry eyes and night blindness. Although eye problems are the most well-known issues related to vitamin A deficiency, this symptom may not be observed. Therefore, we consider other symptoms. Dry skin also is suggestive of its deficiency but can be due to other causes. Moreover, poor wound healing, as well as acne, may indicate a problem of vitamin A. To diagnose vitamin A deficiency, a serum vitamin A/retinol analysis is used. This lab test will be useful if levels are under 28 μg/dL. In this case, it will indicate an acute shortage. However, this analysis is not suitable if deficiency is mild. This is due to the fact that serum retinol concentrations don’t begin to decline in healthy individuals until liver reserves of vitamin A are dangerously low. How is vitamin A deficiency treated and prevented? In order to prevent vitamin A deficiency, it will be enough to include foods rich in vitamin A into your diet. Concentrations of preformed vitamin A are highest in liver and fish oils. Other sources of preformed vitamin A include such foods as: The recommended daily allowance (RDA) is 900 mcg and 700 mcg per day for men and women. So, one medium-sized raw carrot, weighing 61 g, contains 509 mcg RAE of vitamin A. To talk about vitamin A deficiency, it treated with vitamin A palmitate oil. For such cases, a dosage of 60,000 IU is taken orally for 2 days. Then the dosage reduced to 4500 IU orally per day. An alternative dosing is: Hypervitaminosis A or Vitamin A Toxicity Vitamin A is fat-soluble. Therefore the body is able to accumulate it, mainly in the liver. Accordingly, its excessive consumption can lead to its excess, which is toxic (hypervitaminosis A). But do not worry that a regular diet can lead to such results. As already mentioned, a study of dietary preferences came to exactly opposite conclusion. Nevertheless, excessive consumption of foods rich in vitamin A has been observed. For example, the authors of “Carrot man” tell a story of a 48-year-old male. The man complained to his primary care physician of abdominal discomfort and yellow/orange skin discoloration. It turned out that

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How To Lower Your A1c Levels?

How To Lower Your A1c Levels? Read More »

Diabetes is a major global health concern with a significant rise in prevalence. At the same time, glycated hemoglobin (A1C) helps to know how your body copes with sugar. For us, it’s an opportunity to detect a condition when the body is not functioning normally but it has not yet reached a state of disease. We’re talking about prediabetes. But for people with diabetes, this test is useful as well, mostly because it shows the risks of complications. In this article, we will talk about the situation when the test has already been done, and its results exceed healthy values. So, here you will find all about how to lower your a1c without medication. This article was last reviewed by Svetlana Baloban, Healsens, on June 11, 2020. This article was last modified on 7 February 2020. When talking about Normal Levels of Hemoglobin A1c we shall remember the following ranges. For diabetes-free people the normal range is between 4% and 5.6%. If your hemoglobin levels are 5.7% – 6.4%, the odds you will get diabetes are high. Levels of 6.5% or higher mean you have diabetes. Decreasing Hemoglobin Goals In the US, 79 million adults have prediabetes, a prevalence approximately 3 times that of diabetes. Certainly, whether prediabetes progresses into diabetes depends on a number of variable factors. The willingness of a person to change his or her lifestyle determines treatment success. Nevertheless, a person’s genetics and well-chosen drug therapy are important factors as well. IN THIS ARTICLE 1 Decreasing Hemoglobin Goals 2 How to Lower Your A1C without Medication 3 Pharmacotherapy in Type 2 Diabetes Prevention 4 Fiber in Diet to Lower Your A1C RELATED ARTICLES So, the 4 pillars of effective diabetes management are: How to Lower Your A1C without Medication In 2002, Knowler hypothesized that lifestyle changes would prevent or delay the development of diabetes. The researchers randomly chose patients with prediabetes. Some patients received a placebo, other joined a special lifestyle changes program. It included increasing activity to at least 150 minutes/week and losing weight by at least 7%. The mean age of the participants was 51 years old. And the BMI was 34.0 kg/m2. The average follow-up was 2.8 years. As a result, the lifestyle intervention reduced the incidence by 58% compared with the placebogroup. Further analysis of this study showed that if people did not change their lifestyle, most would develop type 2 diabetes over the next 10 years. Since then, many other studies have confirmed these conclusions. In 2013 researchers compared the effectiveness of lifestyle changes to standard care. Seven of the nine studies reported that lifestyle interventions put off the risk of diabetes by up to 10 years after a lifestyle intervention. However, for some people with prediabetes, a change in lifestyle is not enough. Pharmacotherapy in Type 2 Diabetes Prevention Evidence from pharmacotherapy preventing diabetes in patients with prediabetes was reported in 2002. Biguanides, such as metformin, were proven by the researchers to decrease the incidence of diabetes. At the same time, this decrease isn’t as considerable as the one caused by lifestyle changes. Metformin has beneficial effects on BMI and lipid concentrations. In 2010, Lilly and Godwin concluded after a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis that metformin lowers risk of Type 2 diabetes by 45%. Metformin is currently the only medication recommended by the ADA for prediabetes treatment. According to the ADA, it is typically prescribed for patients who are at high risk of developing diabetes. So, if people fail in lifestyle modification therapy and their glucose is progressing, metformin is a reasonable second choice. However, despite metformin’s widespread use, the medication is not for all patients. So, the ACE/AACE recommends a two-pronged approach to treating prediabetes. At first, intensive lifestyle intervention. Namely lifestyle modification training such as 150 minutes per week of physical activity as well as 7% of weight loss if BMI exceeds 25 kg/m2, followed by the prevention of CV complications for abnormal blood pressure and cholesterol. Fiber in Diet to Lower Your A1C Increased fiber in diet is associated with a reduction of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), improved lipid profile, and loss of body weight in type 2 diabetes patients. An increased fiber content decreases the glycemic index of foods. In addition, foods containing dietary fibers are also a rich source of magnesium. To underline, that magnesium is a co-factor for enzymes involved in glucose metabolism. In turn, dietary magnesium lower the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Studies also say that dietary fiber is associated with a reduced risk of diabetes which can be explained through markers of inflammation. We are talking about markers like interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor α. Moreover, some researches showed that when total dietary fiber was separated into cereal, fruit, and vegetable fiber groups, it appeared that cereal fiber reduced the incidence of developing type 2 diabetes the most. Ordering Blood Tests in the Netherlands If you are interested in checking your HbA1c level, you can easily purchase a blood test kit from Healsens. 1. Download the Healsens app from Google Play or the App Store, depending on your device. 2. Complete the registration process in the app. 3. Tap on the ”Order Blood Tests”. 4. Find the HbA1c test and tap on the “Add to Cart” button. Proceed with the ordering process. » Unlock Optimal Health: Discover How a Personalized Healsens General Check-up Plan Can Transform Your Well-being. Note If you want to assess your HbA1c level but are not residing in the Netherlands or have opted for a different laboratory, Healsens cannot upload your blood test results for you. Nevertheless, you have the option to undergo the required tests at any laboratory in your country and manually input the obtained results into the application. Healsens will open more opportunities for you to naturally normalize your blood test results. Furthermore, you gain full access to investigate your health risk assessment based on the provided data.

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EFFECT OF ZINC ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

EFFECT OF ZINC ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Read More »

Immune response is the main mechanism of host defense against infections and pathogenic microbes, it helps to eliminate toxic or allergenic substances that enter our body through mucosal surfaces. So, the importance of immune response can hardly be overestimated. However, a wide range of factors can disrupt it. And by reason of it, it is so important to understand what exactly causes the failure. In this article, we will talk about the role of zinc in the immune system and this will open a series of articles on the topic of maintaining immunity. This article was last reviewed by Svetlana Baloban, MD on 18 March 2020. This article was last modified on 7 February 2020. How to boost the immune system When talking about ways to strengthen our immune system, we cannot help recalling some general recommendations. Usually, general recommendations look exactly the same as those for maintaining a healthy lifestyle, namely: But the most effective means of preventing infection are still vaccines. IN THIS ARTICLE 1 How to boost the immune system 2 Zinc Functions in the Immune System 3 Zinc Deficiency Symptoms 4 Diagnosis 5 Foods High in Zinc RELATED ARTICLES Even though this list of general recommendations is non-exhaustive, these recommendations are universal and will work for everyone. And since you probably heard about them, we will talk about other factors that can negatively affect immunity. So, there is evidence that various micronutrient and vitamin deficiencies result in a weak immune system. These, for example, include vitamin A and vitamin D deficiencies, lack of zink, selenium, and others. As we have already said, we will begin our review with the effect of zinc on immunity. We will loop over the role of zinc in the immune system, talk about diagnostics and analyze treatment methods. About Zinc Zin is a mineral that’s important to the body in many ways. It is the second most abundant trace metal in the human body after iron. In contrast to the latter, zinc cannot be stored and has to be taken up via food daily to guarantee sufficient supply. So, it plays a role in cell division and growth, wound healing, and the breakdown of carbohydrates. Zinc also provides normal brain functioning, improves memory, and mental performance. In addition, it contributes to maintaining healthy bones, skin, hair, nails. Moreover, zinc is an antioxidant and has anti-inflammatory effect. This ability plays a role in the prevention of free-radical-induced injuries during inflammatory processes. Zinc and Immune System But the functions of zinc in the body do not end there. Zinc deficiency, as well as zinc excess lead to a weak immune system, which can result in increased susceptibility to infections and the development of inflammatory diseases. This is primarily due to the fact that zinc is crucial to normal development and functioning of cells which indirectly affect innate immunity, neutrophils and NK cells. Zinc deficiency also affects cells which absorb particles that are foreign or harmful to the body (macrophages). And in addition, zinc deficiency adversely affects the growth and function of major immune cells (T and B cells). As far back as 1963, Dr. Prasad for the first time proved the existence of zinc deficiency. Since then, knowledge about zinc evolved rapidly. It has been proven that marginal-to-moderate zinc deficiency leads to a weak immune system, delays wound healing, and increases oxidative stress. When zinc deficiency was first discovered, it was thought to be a rare disease. However, subsequent studies have found that zinc deficiency is very common, with an estimated two billion people worldwide being affected. As for zinc excess, it needs to be said, that it is quite rare. As a rule, its symptoms are mostly due to copper deficiency. Zinc Deficiency Symptoms As it was already mentioned above, the lack of zinc is a fairly frequent phenomenon. In addition, it especially affects industrial countries and the elderly. Therefore, let’s look at its indirect and direct signs that can be determined. The first symptom of zinc deficiency is a weak immune system. So, if you often catch a cold or are susceptible to chronic allergies, it may be a sign of zinc deficiency. Diarrhea and irritable bowel syndrome may also indicate a lack of zinc. And besides, deterioration of the skin, nails, and hair can mean a deficiency of this trace element. Lack of zinc can cause significant hair loss. Worsening night vision, decreased mood, sleep disturbances, and decreased appetite are also noted. Vegetarians are more likely to have trouble getting enough zinc than others. This is due to the fact that they exclude meat from the diet, while meat is a good source of zinc. For such people, it would be useful to consider foods high in zinc. For example, you can vary your diet with pumpkin seeds, which can be added to any dishes, or almonds (see the full list of high products in zinc below). Also, alcoholic beverages decrease the amount of zinc that the body absorbs and increase the amount lost in the urine. In addition, studies reveal that nutritional deficiency of zinc is caused by high consumption of cereals, legumes, and oilseeds. They are all rich in phytate, which makes zinc unavailable for absorption. Diagnosis To date, no specific and reliable biomarker of zinc status is known. Nonetheless, serum/plasma zinc concentrations can be seen as potentially useful. Unfortunately, this test is far from ideal, as some elderly people were subject to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines (zinc depletion factor) at normal plasma levels of zinc. That is why doctors can offer additional tests to show the content of zinc in the hair or its content in the urine. He may also suggest researching your diet to see how much zinc comes with food. But be as it may, a laboratory blood test for zinc is readily available, inexpensive, and good for primary diagnosing. Lab Test for Zinc Deficiency Reference Range (mcg/mL) for the age of 11 years old: 0.66 – 1.10 mcg/mL Foods High in Zinc A wide variety of foods

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